That bike in the picture has a medium cage mech on it so make sure to get a medium cage rear mech aka "GS".
The Shimano 105 rear mech (RD-5701-GS) is a good punt at the moment (£25 delivered, from CRC) and will work on 9 and 10 speed if you ever decide to upgrade from 8 speed.
If your total chain capacity is 33t or less (on a Triban 3 with 50-39-30 with 12-25t it is exactly a 33t capacity). If you can get away with it, get a short cage, but the shop fitted a medium cage so you have to count up the total chain capacity.
Outer chainring teeth minus inner chainring teeth = 20
PLUS
Biggest cassette sprocket minus smallest cassette sprocket = 13
TOTAL = 33
If you don't want to spend £25 on a 105 mech, there's the Sora at about £16. Under Sora you don't have much choice unless you want something that is going to annoy you with sloppy shifting as soon as you first try it and I think even the Sora might be a bit that way. I would think the Sora swingarm would become loose after a few years whereas the 105 won't do. If you can stretch to £40+ get an Ultegra 10sp GS.
Or the best option IMO, get a
used 9-speed Ultegra or Dura Ace, but you won't find a DA in a medium cage, only a picture of one lol, we just have to make do with pictures where that's concerned I'm afraid. Even if one came up I am sure it would be over £80 even if it was all scratched. I can't have one of those so I just got an old Ultegra 6500 in medium cage, was cheaper than a Sora.
As for the mech hitting a spoke it was probably the inner end of the upper jockey wheel screw in the lowest gear. Again cheap derailleurs are more likely to do this. I had an Altus rear mech on my Triban and had to file down that screw. Once I put an Alivio on it was fine and had more clearance. You get what you pay for.
Wheels on the Triban entry level bikes are notorious. My non drive side spokes were frighteningly loose and the dish was miles out. I had to readjust it so the rear tyre went about 7mm back the other way to get it central.
Loose non-drive side spokes means the rear mech swingarm bolts are going to be closer to their spokes than they should be. I bet its the NDS of your rear wheel. Some of my nipples were so loose I could almost turn them by hand. This is what you get with entry level stuff.