1. The curve of the front mudguard suggests it might possibly be designed for a smaller wheel. If so, replace it with a proper 26" mudguard and get one that has two stays either side, e.g. like these 65mm silver Bluemels
https://www.spacycles.co.uk/m19b0s80p38 ... -Mudguards, or the 60mm or 53mm black versions
https://www.sjscycles.co.uk/mudguards/2 ... -26-black/. You would probably need to measure the clearance between the fork blades, because it might be too narrow for the widest mudguards (although the plastic can be filed away or heated and softened to make it fit). The Bluemels mudguards come with a safety release on the front stays.
The other possibility is that the mudguard is bent slightly out of shape because the single stay is too short. If there is sufficient material to the eyelet of the single stay and the end of the eyelet does not protrude in a way that would catch on it, you might be able to fit a Secuclip (
https://www.spacycles.co.uk/m19b0s190p3 ... lips-3-4mm), which would increase the effective stay length by several millimetres, but it looks like you need more extra clearance than that. A new front mudguard with two stays would be better.
2. The Problem Solvers Fender Flute, which Spa sell (
https://www.spacycles.co.uk/m19b0s190p3 ... nder-Flute), is the only adapter of which I am aware, but it is designed to fit flush against the internal surface of a 1 1/8" steerer tube. Your bike has what looks like a 1" threaded steerer, so the Fender Flute might not fit inside the steerer, and will not be a good fit if it does.
3. A long mudguard bracket with an exposed open slot (uncovered by a large washer) is likely not to last as long as a bracket without an exposed slot.
4. The visible gap will probably look less with wider mudguards linked above, and even with the standard bracket fitted will probably not look so incongruous. I have a 65mm bluemels front mudguard, and the bracket is 28mm tall (measured to the top of the slot).
5. Cantilever brakes look like they have straddle cables far too high, with consequent poor mechanical advantage. Full size v brakes would probably provide better clearance for the mudguard, but I would check that that the boss spacing is the wider 83mm suited to v brakes (see this post of Brucey's for further explanation and detail -
viewtopic.php?p=1206455#p1206455).