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The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 11:19am
by Carlton green
A comment on another thread set me thinking of a topic that we look past and one that’s worth revisiting. The helpful compliance of slim, rim-braked frames makes a significant difference to ride quality. Of course geometry counts too but for some reason we obsess about fat tyres absorbing shock and demand stiff frames. In times past we did things differently and I’m inclined to wonder whether we overlook the merits of (tempered) frame flexibility.

What ‘gems’, simple steel frames that ride with comfort, do members have or have had?

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 12:04pm
by Brucey
my take on it is this; frames that are likely to be too flexible are also likely to be noticed and rejected, well before the flexibility actually slows you down much. Some people even think flexible frames are faster. My view is that it might be true in some cases, if perhaps the flexible frame makes you pedal better.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 1:20pm
by Vorpal
In theory, the stiffer a frame is, the more power goes from drivetrain to forward motion. There are, of course, other contributors (e.g. traction, drive train efficiency, etc.), but frame stiffness has a direct and measurable effect on the efficiency. Transfer of vibrations is something else. In general, structures that are very compliant or very stiff, transfer more vibrations, and moderately stiff / compliant frame will be better in this regard.

In practice, it is a balance between comfort, vibration, and power transfer. Transferring power more efficiently isn't necessarily helpful if you tire more quickly. Most people cannot discern small differences in stiffness/compliance. In addition, there is a relationship between stiffness and elasticity (how much something can bend before it breaks).

So, for a professional cyclist, the priority is on efficiently transferring power without transferring too much vibration. One of the big advantages of carbon fibre in this area is that different sections of material can be built with different stiffnesses.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 1:43pm
by Barrowman
Got to agree. Imagine trying to ride one of the Olympic Track Bikes . Stiff as a board .
Decent 'old school' touring bike . Ride it all day every day.
I am afraid mass produced Alloy frames, whilst not horrendous (I understand!) miss the compliance effect of decent steel (Reynolds 531 etc. Reynolds had tubing for every purpose , 531, 531c, 531.pro, 653,753, Bates Cantiflex Tubing , designer Select and many I am sure I have forgotten.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 1:56pm
by rareposter
Barrowman wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 1:43pm Got to agree. Imagine trying to ride one of the Olympic Track Bikes . Stiff as a board .
Decent 'old school' touring bike . Ride it all day every day.
That's less to do with what they're made from as to what they're designed for.
It's like complaining that an F1 car is a bit rubbish for popping to the supermarket or a sports car is a bit rubbish for transporting 4 children.

Track bikes are designed to be ridden on smooth boards in the most efficient manner possible and rarely for more than 30-40 mins at a time (often much much less). Touring bikes have a completely different design, purpose, geometry and components and all of that combined means that - in spite of them both being "bicycles" - you may as well be comparing apples and oranges.

I'd hate to ride a track bike on road but I'd also hate to take a touring bike around an Olympic velodrome!

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 2:08pm
by peetee
Transfer of l, and effect of forces applied to a bike frame is a very complex subject and, although I have made significant inroads, I’m not fully up to scratch yet. Many years ago I used the limited knowledge I had to great effect with a custom steel MTB frame where I chose every single tube from a Reynolds list. It’s fantastic to ride and way better that a ‘tubeset’ model from that time.
I do believe that it’s possible to have a compliant and responsive bike frame if the builder considers the riders needs, weight, power and riding style and has access to the materials and tooling for the job.
I understand that rigid frames feel (and usually can be) faster and that almost always results in a harsh ride - how can it not?
Well, perhaps by making the frame more resistant to lateral and torsional forces because it’s those forces that come in to play when full-gas efforts such as out-the-saddle sprints or hill climbs are on the cards. This can be achieved with a substantial main ‘triangle’ ie, head, seat, top and down tubes. At the same time lighter gauge seat stays can be used - perhaps curved to perform the same function of a front fork. Along with a stiff frame a short wheelbase is advocated for maximum results but maybe a better option would be slightly longer chainstays so their horizontal section can be maximised between the crankset and rim/tyre. Wide but vertically slim chainstays would be stiff horizontally and compliant vertically which takes us further in the right direction.
I am, of course, referring to these tubes individually and, as inferred earlier, things are not that simple. No tube in a frame works independently and any force applied to one will affect an adjacent tube in one way or another. Likewise no force is independent and whilst transferring power the frame has to track straight and true, support the riders weight and deal with braking and road forces in a controlled manner.
That heavy main tube and slim stays look was a strong feature of early Cannondale road frames.
I’m not a great fan of aluminium bikes but stole myself to buy a 1990’s ‘Dale which was immaculate and can’t have had more than a few yards use as the rims have no brake block marks whatsoever. I have a bit of recommissioning to do on it but I’m keen to get it down the road to see if that performs to my liking or not and compare it to my steel and titanium bikes.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 2:37pm
by mig
for most of my biking year i'm on a hack commuter fixed frame that uses stiff 35/37c rubber. it's functional but not a thrilling ride.

when the sun comes out for those 2 days a year then the 631 summer bike comes out. made in 2002 (although still thought of as my 'new' bike) the thing is both a revelation in terms of ride comfort yet no doubt a dinosaur in terms of modern bike set ups. 32 spoke open pros on chorus 9 shod with 23c schwalbe ultremos. you'd think that i'd be uncomfortable on such slimline covers yet not a bit of it. it really is the 'magic carpet ride' that is often spoken about.

now i'm not sure that i can pick out any one contributing factor to the 'compliance' of the bike over another but i do know that the sum of the parts makes for an excellent bicycle. i'm still managing with rim brakes too!

my crashed mercian was a similar beastie. get on, ride for as long as you need, get off. pure, simple stuff.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 3:04pm
by 531colin
Brucey wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 12:04pm my take on it is this; frames that are likely to be too flexible are also likely to be noticed and rejected, well before the flexibility actually slows you down much. Some people even think flexible frames are faster. My view is that it might be true in some cases, if perhaps the flexible frame makes you pedal better.
I may be mis-remembering, but didn't you tell us (long ago) that the lateral force generated by pedalling is entirely (or almost entirely?) reacted by the seat tube?

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 3:12pm
by 531colin
mig wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 2:37pm for most of my biking year i'm on a hack commuter fixed frame that uses stiff 35/37c rubber. it's functional but not a thrilling ride.

when the sun comes out for those 2 days a year then the 631 summer bike comes out. made in 2002 (although still thought of as my 'new' bike) the thing is both a revelation in terms of ride comfort yet no doubt a dinosaur in terms of modern bike set ups. 32 spoke open pros on chorus 9 shod with 23c schwalbe ultremos. you'd think that i'd be uncomfortable on such slimline covers yet not a bit of it. it really is the 'magic carpet ride' that is often spoken about.

now i'm not sure that i can pick out any one contributing factor to the 'compliance' of the bike over another but i do know that the sum of the parts makes for an excellent bicycle. i'm still managing with rim brakes too!

my crashed mercian was a similar beastie. get on, ride for as long as you need, get off. pure, simple stuff.
631 fork blades are interesting, in that the taper starts immediately below the canti. studs.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 5:10pm
by slowster
531colin wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 3:12pm 631 fork blades are interesting, in that the taper starts immediately below the canti. studs.
AIUI, 853 is 631 whch is heat treated. Looking at this 2018 listing of Reynolds tubes - http://www.torchandfile.com/assets/imag ... 202018.pdf, the dimensions of the non-disc touring blades are the same for 853 and 631, suggesting that the same tubes are used for both, the only difference being the final heat treatment for 853. In that case 853 ought to have the same taper profile, and the stiffness of the blades should be identical.

Yet Dave Yates was adamant that 853 forks were too stiff for touring/audax, and recommended Reynolds' basic 'R' blades instead (as well as often persuading customers to have frames of 631 rather than 853). See:

https://yacf.co.uk/forum/index.php?topi ... msg1659692

https://yacf.co.uk/forum/index.php?topi ... msg1224742

NB How much might the particular fork crown shape also be a factor? A crown with sloping shoulders will result in the blades being cut shorter than for a flat crown, and a longer blade will deflect more (although the extra length will be from the thickest part of the blade). Increasing the A-C (axle to crown) measurement to accommodate wider tyres and/or mudguards will also result in the blades being longer.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 5:23pm
by Orbit531C
peetee wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 2:08pm Transfer of l, and effect of forces applied to a bike frame is a very complex subject and, although I have made significant inroads, I’m not fully up to scratch yet. Many years ago I used the limited knowledge I had to great effect with a custom steel MTB frame where I chose every single tube from a Reynolds list. It’s fantastic to ride and way better that a ‘tubeset’ model from that time.
I do believe that it’s possible to have a compliant and responsive bike frame if the builder considers the riders needs, weight, power and riding style and has access to the materials and tooling for the job.
I understand that rigid frames feel (and usually can be) faster and that almost always results in a harsh ride - how can it not?
Well, perhaps by making the frame more resistant to lateral and torsional forces because it’s those forces that come in to play when full-gas efforts such as out-the-saddle sprints or hill climbs are on the cards. This can be achieved with a substantial main ‘triangle’ ie, head, seat, top and down tubes. At the same time lighter gauge seat stays can be used - perhaps curved to perform the same function of a front fork. Along with a stiff frame a short wheelbase is advocated for maximum results but maybe a better option would be slightly longer chainstays so their horizontal section can be maximised between the crankset and rim/tyre. Wide but vertically slim chainstays would be stiff horizontally and compliant vertically which takes us further in the right direction.
I am, of course, referring to these tubes individually and, as inferred earlier, things are not that simple. No tube in a frame works independently and any force applied to one will affect an adjacent tube in one way or another. Likewise no force is independent and whilst transferring power the frame has to track straight and true, support the riders weight and deal with braking and road forces in a controlled manner.
That heavy main tube and slim stays look was a strong feature of early Cannondale road frames.
I’m not a great fan of aluminium bikes but stole myself to buy a 1990’s ‘Dale which was immaculate and can’t have had more than a few yards use as the rims have no brake block marks whatsoever. I have a bit of recommissioning to do on it but I’m keen to get it down the road to see if that performs to my liking or not and compare it to my steel and titanium bikes.
Interesting thoughts about balancing 'resistance to lateral and torsional forces' with "lighter gauge seat stays" - have you seen the UK made "Talbot Frameworks Trollstigen" with oversized down tube and large head tube and thin seat stays? Some might say it was trying to do exactly what you describe!

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 5:36pm
by peetee
Thanks, but I hadn’t seen that frame. Looks a bit under-nourished to me. I’m not sure I would like to trust stays that thin. Given that rear stays of that shape are acting in compression to resist road impacts I would suggest that any give they create would not be altogether predictable or controllable as it will be a reaction to a force greater than that that can be resisted by the compression of the tube alone. A bit like compressing a fizzy drink can, perhaps? Or maybe I’m singing the wrong tune?
Anyhow, I’m certain a larger curved stay would do a better job.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 7:06pm
by Vorpal
slowster wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 5:10pm the dimensions of the non-disc touring blades are the same for 853 and 631, suggesting that the same tubes are used for both, the only difference being the final heat treatment for 853. In that case 853 ought to have the same taper profile, and the stiffness of the blades should be identical.

Yet Dave Yates was adamant that 853 forks were too stiff for touring/audax, and recommended Reynolds' basic 'R' blades instead (as well as often persuading customers to have frames of 631 rather than 853).
That's interesting. I would have thought that additional heat treating would have the opposite effect; meaning if there is any difference, 631 would be stiffer.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 8:44pm
by Brucey
531colin wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 3:04pm
Brucey wrote: 8 Aug 2024, 12:04pm.... Some people even think flexible frames are faster. My view is that it might be true in some cases, if perhaps the flexible frame makes you pedal better.
I may be mis-remembering, but didn't you tell us (long ago) that the lateral force generated by pedalling is entirely (or almost entirely?) reacted by the seat tube?
I think that is about right not least because the torsional stiffness of the main triangle is not that high, making reaction via the down tube and the handlebars rather difficult. Were it otherwise, I suspect that it would be very difficult to pedal forcefully whilst riding 'no hands'.I have seen what happens if the seat tube breaks; there can be little doubt that the bottom part of the seat tube is very hard-working in a traditional steel frame.

Things might be very different in a frame using 'oversize' tubes.

Re: The importance of frame compliance over rigidity

Posted: 8 Aug 2024, 9:06pm
by oaklec
Also wheels. I have some modern fairly low spoke count with high tension wheels with deeper section rims (kinlin style) and whilst the weight advantage is noticeable, it's also immediately apparent how much stiffer (and less comfortable) they are than the wheels that they replaced, which were mavic open pro 36 spoke - both wheel sets using latex tubes and vittoria open pave tyres. I've needed to drop the tyre pressure to get some compliance back