If the rear mech is too close to the spokes when in the large sprocket, it is possible for a random bump to wobble it enough for it to catch the spokes, especially if the mech pivots are a bit worn.
The mech wouldn't normally get that close to the spokes unless the gear hanger it screws into was bent in some crash, or even just by the bike falling over.
Check your new mech to make sure that the main arm is vertical when viewed from the rear of the bike.
If it's not, either order a replacement gear hanger, or just bend it straight.
Replacement hangers are very much model specific, so either order via a dealer who sells your bike maker's range or go online (eg
http://www.gear-hanger.co.uk/)
Bending is necessary if the gear hanger isn't replaceable. It's best to let a shop do it. or get the correct tool (eg
http://www.bike-discount.de/shop/a9183/ ... -tool.html), as it's not always obvious how much to bend, and it's best to keep bending back anf forth to the absolute minimum.